To me this was quite helpfull. Let me sum up the steps here.
1. List the kernels in the boot menu
First list the kernels in the boot menu with:#cd /boot/grub #cat grub.confIn my example VM this is:
[root@darlin-vce-db ~]# cd /boot/grub [root@darlin-vce-db grub]# cat grub.conf # grub.conf generated by anaconda # # Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file # NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that # all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg. # root (hd0,0) # kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_darlinvce-lv_root # initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img #boot=/dev/sda default=0 timeout=5 splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz hiddenmenu title Oracle Linux Server Red Hat Compatible Kernel (2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_darlinvce-lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_darlinvce/lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_darlinvce/lv_swap rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_MD rd_NO_DM LANG=en_US.UTF-8 SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us-acentos nomodeset rhgb quiet crashkernel=auto numa=off initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64.img title Oracle Linux Server (2.6.32-279.el6.x86_64) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-279.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_darlinvce-lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_darlinvce/lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_darlinvce/lv_swap rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_MD rd_NO_DM LANG=en_US.UTF-8 SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us-acentos nomodeset rhgb quiet crashkernel=auto numa=off initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-279.el6.x86_64.img title Oracle Linux Server-uek (2.6.32-100.34.1.el6uek.x86_64) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-100.34.1.el6uek.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_darlinvce-lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_darlinvce/lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_darlinvce/lv_swap rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_MD rd_NO_DM LANG=en_US.UTF-8 SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us-acentos nomodeset rhgb quiet numa=off initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-100.34.1.el6uek.x86_64.img title Oracle Linux Server (2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_darlinvce-lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_darlinvce/lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_darlinvce/lv_swap rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_MD rd_NO_DM LANG=en_US.UTF-8 SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us-acentos nomodeset crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet numa=off initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.x86_64.imgThe newest kernel (Oracle Linux 6 Update 5) is at the top. Apparently in my case I have the following kernels:
- 2.6.32-431
- 2.6.32-279
- 2.6.32-100.34.1
- 2.6.32-131.0.15
[root@darlin-vce-db grub]# uname -r 2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64So indeed Linux is started using the 2.6.32-431 kernel.
2. Remove obsolete kernels
Let's remove the last 3 one by one.But before you do so, make a backup of the grub.conf, because the removal of the kernels may update your grub.conf and remove the newest kernel. Then you end up starting up a dated kernel version.
To list the kernel packages of one version:
[root@darlin-vce-db grub]# rpm -qa | grep kernel|grep 100 kernel-uek-2.6.32-100.34.1.el6uek.x86_64 kernel-uek-headers-2.6.32-100.34.1.el6uek.x86_64 kernel-uek-devel-2.6.32-100.34.1.el6uek.x86_64 kernel-uek-firmware-2.6.32-100.34.1.el6uek.noarch
Now to remove these packages use yum remove:
[root@darlin-vce-db grub]# yum remove kernel-uek-2.6.32-100.34.1.el6uek.x86_64 kernel-uek-headers-2.6.32-100.34.1.el6uek.x86_64 kernel-uek-devel-2.6.32-100.34.1.el6uek.x86_64 kernel-uek-firmware-2.6.32-100.34.1.el6uek.noarch Loaded plugins: refresh-packagekit Setting up Remove Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check .... Dependencies Resolved ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Removing: kernel-uek x86_64 2.6.32-100.34.1.el6uek @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201105261616.x86_64/6.1 86 M kernel-uek-devel x86_64 2.6.32-100.34.1.el6uek @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201105261616.x86_64/6.1 22 M kernel-uek-firmware noarch 2.6.32-100.34.1.el6uek @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201105261616.x86_64/6.1 3.9 M kernel-uek-headers x86_64 2.6.32-100.34.1.el6uek @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201105261616.x86_64/6.1 2.2 M Removing for dependencies: audit-libs-devel x86_64 2.2-2.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201206261930.x86_64/6.3 70 k compat-gcc-34 x86_64 3.4.6-19.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201105261616.x86_64/6.1 13 M compat-gcc-34-c++ x86_64 3.4.6-19.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201105261616.x86_64/6.1 84 M compat-gcc-34-g77 x86_64 3.4.6-19.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201105261616.x86_64/6.1 5.9 M compat-glibc x86_64 1:2.5-46.2.0.1 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201105261616.x86_64/6.1 6.4 M compat-glibc-headers x86_64 1:2.5-46.2.0.1 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201105261616.x86_64/6.1 1.9 M gcc x86_64 4.4.7-4.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 19 M gcc-c++ x86_64 4.4.7-4.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 11 M glibc-devel x86_64 2.12-1.132.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 966 k glibc-headers x86_64 2.12-1.132.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 2.0 M libcap-ng-devel x86_64 0.6.4-3.el6_0.1 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201105261616.x86_64/6.1 14 k libcgroup x86_64 0.40.rc1-5.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 321 k libcgroup-devel x86_64 0.40.rc1-5.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 89 k libtool x86_64 2.2.6-15.5.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201105261616.x86_64/6.1 1.9 M oracle-rdbms-server-11gR2-preinstall x86_64 1.0-7.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 32 k perl-Archive-Extract x86_64 1:0.38-136.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 52 k perl-CPAN x86_64 1.9402-136.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 663 k perl-CPANPLUS x86_64 0.88-136.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 767 k perl-ExtUtils-CBuilder x86_64 1:0.27-136.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 59 k perl-ExtUtils-Embed x86_64 1.28-136.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 17 k perl-ExtUtils-MakeMaker x86_64 6.55-136.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 608 k perl-ExtUtils-ParseXS x86_64 1:2.2003.0-136.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 61 k perl-File-Fetch x86_64 0.26-136.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 46 k perl-IPC-Cmd x86_64 1:0.56-136.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 57 k perl-Module-Build x86_64 1:0.3500-136.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 460 k perl-Test-Harness x86_64 3.17-136.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 399 k perl-Test-Simple x86_64 0.92-136.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 184 k perl-core x86_64 5.10.1-136.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 0.0 perl-devel x86_64 4:5.10.1-136.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 1.8 M redhat-lsb x86_64 4.0-7.0.1.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 0.0 redhat-lsb-compat x86_64 4.0-7.0.1.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 0.0 redhat-lsb-core x86_64 4.0-7.0.1.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 22 k redhat-lsb-graphics x86_64 4.0-7.0.1.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 0.0 redhat-lsb-printing x86_64 4.0-7.0.1.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 0.0 systemtap x86_64 2.3-3.0.1.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 46 k systemtap-devel x86_64 2.3-3.0.1.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201311252058.x86_64/6.5 4.9 M Transaction Summary ===================================================================================================================================================================================================== Remove 40 Package(s) Installed size: 270 M Is this ok [y/N]: y
Answer with 'y', and wait until the removal is complete.
Repeat this for the other kernels as well.
3. Edit the grub.conf and last refreshments
Edit the grub.conf and remove the entries all the removed kernels, leaving only the entry of the latest kernel:# grub.conf generated by anaconda # # Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file # NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that # all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg. # root (hd0,0) # kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_darlinvce-lv_root # initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img #boot=/dev/sda default=0 timeout=5 splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz hiddenmenu title Oracle Linux Server Red Hat Compatible Kernel (2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64) root (hd0,0) kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_darlinvce-lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_darlinvce/lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_darlinvce/lv_swap rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_MD rd_NO_DM LANG=en_US.UTF-8 SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us-acentos nomodeset rhgb quiet crashkernel=auto numa=off initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64.imgFor each entry the line starting with 'title Oracle Linux Server...' is the first line of the entry.
After editing the grub.conf, you can reboot the server. If you're running inside an VirtualBox image, update the Virtualbox Guest Additions. I find it convenient to backup the VBoxGuest additions disk to a folder on one of the disks. When you update the VM with a new Linux Version, the guestadditions aren't compiled with the latest kernel anymore. Then XServer might not come up again, and mounting the guestadditions disk might not work. Then it is convenient to have a copy within the VM available to do a recompile from the console.
4. Re-install kernel-dependent pacakges
I found that tools like gcc, gcc-c++, etc. are removed at removing my first kernel. You can use yum to re-install them, using yum installyum install gcc gcc-c++ glibc-devel glibc-headers perl kernel-headers compat-gcc-34 compat-gcc-34-c++ compat-gcc-34-g77 compat-glibc-headers libcap-ng-devel libtool systemtap systemtap-develThese packages were installed and needed because of Oracle Database and Fusion Middleware. Also the VirtalBox Guest Additions need some of those.
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